Prescription Drug Addiction
Prescription drugs play a fundamental role in modern healthcare and can improve the quality of life for countless people. Medications offer relief from acute conditions and help people better manage chronic diagnoses. Some medications provide significant physical or mental health benefits. However, the increasing reliance on these drugs raises concerns about addiction, adverse mental health implications, and long-term side effects. A balanced understanding of the risks and benefits is essential for responsible use and to create effective treatment strategies.
Role of Prescription Drugs
When someone has a medical concern or experiences uncomfortable symptoms, the first line of defense is to contact a medical professional. The healthcare provider often performs diagnostic testing to determine the cause and develop a treatment plan, which can include prescribing medications [1]. The positive impacts of long-term or short-term use of prescription drugs can:
- Significantly improve health outcomes
- Manage chronic conditions
- Address acute diagnoses
- Complement other treatments
- Offer symptom relief that enhances daily functioning
There are many different categories of prescription drugs, and in the United States, these medications are tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for effectiveness and safety.
Understanding both benefits and potential harms is vital for promoting safe prescription drug usage and patient well-being.
Prescription Drug Side Effects
One benefit of FDA testing is knowledge about the side effects of prescription drugs. Every medication presents certain risks. Some are minor, while others are serious, including the risk of addiction to prescription drugs. Common temporary or manageable side effects of prescription drugs include:
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Headaches
- Constipation
Other side effects may have more lasting or serious health impacts. Some of these side effects are irreversible and can permanently and negatively impact quality of life, like:
- Organ failure
- Neurological effects
- Endocrine and hormonal changes
- Autoimmune reactions
- Dependency and addiction
Long-term use of some types of prescription medications can also lead to tolerance or the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect. This may result in a substance use disorder. Withdrawal symptoms from a substance use disorder can occur when reducing or stopping medications, reinforcing continued use, and combining prescription medications with alcohol or illicit drugs often increase the danger [2].
Additionally, polypharmacy, the use of multiple medications concurrently, can increase the risk of drug interactions and compounded side effects. According to a 2014 study, approximately 39% of older adults in the U.S. take five or more prescription medications simultaneously [3]. In addition to potential drug interactions, it is difficult to maintain proper dosing schedules for multiple medications, especially for seniors who might be experiencing cognitive decline. Therefore, regular and comprehensive medication reviews with a healthcare provider who has a full view of all the prescription medications a patient is taking are essential.
Overall, the severity and likelihood of experiencing prescription drug side effects vary depending significantly on the person and the specific drug. Patients benefit by engaging in informed discussions with healthcare providers that weigh potential risks and benefits of any prescribed treatment.
Prescription Drugs and Mental Health
The impact of prescription drugs on mental health is well-documented. For instance, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used to treat depression and anxiety. A patient’s emotional regulation and stability can improve by using these medications [4]. Similarly, medications like lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate can enhance focus and executive functioning in those diagnosed with ADHD [5].
While many psychotropic medications alleviate mental illness symptoms, some drugs prescribed for non-psychiatric reasons may negatively affect cognition and mood. Corticosteroids, for example, have been linked to symptoms like mood swings, insomnia, and in rare cases, psychosis [6].
As these findings suggest, the relationship between mental health and prescription drugs is complex and bidirectional. Mental health disorders can increase the risk of misuse, and prolonged use of certain drugs may worsen psychological symptoms. For example, long-term benzodiazepine use is associated with anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline, particularly in cases of misuse [7].
Prescription drug misuse is often linked to untreated mental health conditions. Many people with depression, anxiety, or trauma use medications to self-medicate emotional pain. However, this cycle frequently exacerbates the underlying condition and makes recovery more difficult. Integrated treatment models that include mental health support reduce relapse risk and enhance recovery outcomes. Since antidepressant effectiveness can vary based on genetics, medical history, and individual response, working closely with a healthcare provider is essential to finding the most effective treatment approach [4].
Addiction Treatment
Addiction to prescription medications is a serious issue that demands prompt, comprehensive intervention. Effective prescription drug addiction treatment considers physical, psychological, and social factors and specific care plans vary depending on the type of drug involved and the severity of addiction. Pre-existing risk markers, or factors or conditions that may indicate one’s higher likelihood of developing addictions to medications, are also taken into account.
Evidence-based options for prescription drug addiction treatment plans include:
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) is an evidence-based approach that combines FDA-approved medications with counseling and therapy to treat substance use disorders, particularly opioid addiction. MAT helps reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings, improving the chances of successful recovery and long-term sobriety. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are commonly used in MAT to support individuals in overcoming addiction and maintaining stability [8].
Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely used to help patients recognize negative thought patterns. Recognizing patterns makes it easier to develop coping mechanisms and increase motivation for recovery [9]. Other therapies, such as motivational interviewing and contingency management, are valuable in discovering the root causes of substance abuse and promoting lasting change.
Peer and Family Support
Support groups, including Narcotics Anonymous, provide engagement and structure that reinforce recovery. For many people, the sense of belonging within a community of others who share similar challenges encourages the maintenance of sobriety and the process of rebuilding health and wellness. Family therapy is another useful prescription drug addiction treatment tool, notably when family dynamics contribute to or impact chemical dependency.
Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders
Prescription drug misuse is often intertwined with co-occurring mental health disorders, creating a challenging dynamic for both diagnosis and treatment. Clinical depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and clinical anxiety are examples of pre-existing risk markers that can increase one’s vulnerability to addiction, making recovery more complex [10].
A person experiencing one of these conditions may use prescription drugs as a form of self-medication to alleviate emotional pain or distress. This can ultimately exacerbate mental health symptoms and create a cycle of dependence [10]. Integrated treatment models that address both mental health and substance use disorders are essential for long-term success.
Simultaneously treating both conditions recognizes the impact of prescription drugs on mental health and the interconnectedness of mental health and addiction. Research consistently supports the effectiveness of dual diagnosis care, demonstrating that patients who receive integrated treatment show improved functioning and a significant reduction in substance use over time [10].
Furthermore, holistic treatment goes beyond simply addressing the symptoms of addiction. These approaches incorporate mental health screenings. Holistic care supports physical health and assists with socioeconomic challenges. By addressing these root causes, comprehensive treatment plans increase the likelihood of sustained recovery by providing the tools and resources needed for healthier, more balanced lives.
Alternative Treatments
To mitigate the risks associated with medications, many healthcare providers recommend complementary or alternative treatments to prescription drugs. These include lifestyle modifications and non-pharmacologic therapies:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
- Physical therapy and exercise
- Yoga and deep breathing
- Acupuncture
Mindfulness-based interventions, such as MBSR, significantly reduce symptoms of chronic pain and anxiety [11]. These alternative treatments to prescription drugs not only treat the physical source of discomfort but also enhance emotional resilience.
The right lifestyle changes can also sometimes decrease or even eliminate the need for prescription drugs. Several components of a healthier lifestyle include:
- Choosing healthy foods and prioritizing balanced nutrition
- Participating in regular exercise to keep the body moving
- Practicing good sleep hygiene habits to restore the mind and body
- Maintaining positive social connections with family and peers
- Engaging in hobbies that stimulate the mind
When lifestyle changes are being considered as an alternative or complement to prescription medications, establishing a coordinated healthcare team is essential. Clear and consistent communication among patients, mental health professionals, and primary care providers enhances the ability to achieve treatment goals. Utilizing streamlined communication strategies ensures that evolving healthcare needs are addressed efficiently and effectively.
Choosing Wellness Every Day
Prescription drugs are a beneficial component in treatment plans for many people and health conditions. However, it is essential to use medications responsibly and understand potential prescription drug side effects and the risks associated with medications. A person must also consider pre-existing risk markers and how the drugs might impact mental health.
Integrating alternative treatments helps support responsible medication use by creating a care environment that is focused on overall wellness. The primary goal is to improve or maintain long-term physical and mental health, ultimately enhancing quality of life. When appropriate, a secondary goal is to reduce or replace the use of prescription medications with effective alternatives. Open communication between patients and healthcare providers is essential to achieving these goals, as it promotes a clearer understanding of the role of prescription drugs within the broader care plan and highlights available treatment options that support safe, high-quality care.If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, professional support is available. SAMHSA’s National Helpline is a free, confidential, 24/7, 365-day-a-year treatment referral and information service for anyone facing mental and/or substance use disorders.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs: Questions and answers. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/frequently-asked-questions-popular-topics/prescription-drugs-and-over-counter-otc-drugs-questions-and-answers
- Kosten, T. R., & George, T. P. (2002). The neurobiology of opioid dependence: Implications for treatment. Science & Practice Perspectives, 1(1), 13-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18567959/
- Maher, R. L., Hanlon, J. T., & Hajjar, E. R. (2014). Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 13(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2013.827660
- Mayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): How they work, benefits, and side effects. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
- Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., MacPherson, H. A., & Faraone, S. V. (2008). Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: A naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(5), 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07091486
- Brown, E. S., & Chandler, P. A. (2001). Mood and cognitive changes during systemic corticosteroid therapy. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(1), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v03n0104
- Barker, M. J., Greenwood, K. M., Jackson, M., & Crowe, S. F. (2004). Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: A meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, 18(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200418010-00004
- American Addiction Centers. (n.d.). Medication-assisted treatment (MAT): Addiction medications. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-medications
- McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(3), 511-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012
- Drake, R. E., O’Neal, E. L., & Wallach, M. A. (2004). A systematic review of psychosocial research on psychosocial interventions for people with co-occurring severe mental and substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27(3), 179-188. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17574803/
- Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Our Medical Affairs Team is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience who actively contribute to the development of our content, products, and services. They meticulously evaluate and review all medical content before publication to ensure it is medically accurate and aligned with current discussions and research developments in mental health. For more information, visit our Editorial Policy.
MentalHealth.com is a health technology company guiding people towards self-understanding and connection. The platform provides reliable resources, accessible services, and nurturing communities. Its purpose is to educate, support, and empower people in their pursuit of well-being.
Christine Dayton is a professional health writer with over a decade of experience in geriatric care and wellness, mental health, end-of-life support, and bereavement care.
Dr. Shivani Kharod, PhD, is a medical reviewer with over 10 years of experience ensuring health content is accurate and accessible.
Medical Reviewer:
Our Medical Affairs Team is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience who actively contribute to the development of our content, products, and services. They meticulously evaluate and review all medical content before publication to ensure it is medically accurate and aligned with current discussions and research developments in mental health. For more information, visit our Editorial Policy.
MentalHealth.com is a health technology company guiding people towards self-understanding and connection. The platform provides reliable resources, accessible services, and nurturing communities. Its purpose is to educate, support, and empower people in their pursuit of well-being.